Project Name: Evaluation of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the Active soil layer, and Permafrost regions of the Canadian High ArcticPrincipal Investigator: Dr. K.P Krishnan, Science F and Group Director National Centre for Polar and Ocean ResearchGoa, India – 403804One of the most noticeable impacts of Arctic warming is the thawing of permafrost –which could potentially reactivate many of the dormant microorganisms that are preserved in the permafrost soils for centuries. Some of these microorganisms may be pathogenic and/or antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) that can lead to the resurgence of zoonotic diseases. Besides, antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) can be transported to the Arctic environment through the migration and movement of humans and birds. Since ARGs are now widespread among microbial communities, whether the extensive diversity of ARGs and ARB in environmental reservoirs is the result of anthropogenic influence is controversial. Thus, in this proposal, we intend to perform a comprehensive survey of the tundra soil, active layer, and permafrost not only to evaluate the presence of potential ARG and ARB using a culture-dependent and independent approach but also to delineate potential sources-anthropogenic and/or ancient origins of ARGs and ARB in the Canadian high Arctic region. Thus, our proposed project will provide baseline data on the ARGs and ARB which could be utilized to demarcate the high-risk permafrost regions for the local population.In this context, we delineated the following objectives for the proposed project:- •Evaluation of Antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), virulence-related genes, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the Canadian high Arctic Soil, and Permafrost regions•To evaluate the presence of resistance genes and at analyzing antibiotic resistance patterns, thereby allowing to determine the role of anthropogenic pressure in the apparition of antibiotic resistanceWe are planning for long-term monitoring (2022 to 2026) seasonally. Field methodology includes the collection of samples from the active layer and Permafrost soils using a field core sampler near the CHARS campus. The core samples will be cut aseptically into different layers and stored at -80 °C. These samples will be transported back to India (NCPOR-lab) using a cold shipment. In the NCPOR lab these layers will be used for the isolation, culturing, and screening of various health-significant bacteria (culture-dependent) and for the extraction of DNA and metagenomics studies (culture-independent).There are no expected waste or impacts associated with this study. In the unlikely case waste is generated, the proponent shall keep all garbage and debris in bags placed in a covered metal container or equivalent until disposed of at an approved facility. All such wastes shall be kept inaccessible to wildlife at all times.This study will provide baseline information on the possible reactivation of ARB in the permafrost, the risks associated with the release of potentially drug-resistant pathogens and antibiotic-resistant genes from permafrost, and the implications for policy and international cooperation in light of the Covid-19 pandemic.Nunavut residents can be involved in the field sampling. The data generated in the project will be stored at the data facility centre of NCPOR, India and the significant results of the projects will be shared with Nunavut Research Institute. The data will be shared by the lead Principal Investigator of the Project and coordinator of the Indian Arctic Programme – Dr. K.P. Krishnan.